Adverbial Clause

Nama : Rina Sukasih 
NPM : 14209487 
Kelas : 3EA11

Adverbial Clause 

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and apredicate, and it modifies a verb. 

• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I) 
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he) 

 According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum andQuirk,1990): 

• We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause) 
• We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase) 

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause. 

•  I like to fly kites for fun. 

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example: 

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform. 

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when". 

Kind of Adverbial Clause 

Concessive Clauses 

Concessive clauses are used to concede a given point in an argument. The principle concessive conjunctions introducing a concessive clause are: Though, although, even though, while, and even if. They can be placed at the beginning, internally or at the of the sentence. When placed at the beginning or internally, they serve to concede a certain part of an argument before proceeding to question the validity of the point in a given discussion.

For example: 

Even though there are many advantages to working the night shift, people who do so generally feel that the disadvantages greatly outweigh any financial advantages that might be gained. 

By placing the concessive clause at the end of the sentence, the speaker is admitting a weakness or problem in that particular argument. 

For example: 

I tried hard to complete the task, though it seemed impossible. 

Time Clauses 

Time clauses are used to indicate the time that an event in the main clause takes place. The main time conjunctions are: when, as soon as, before, after, by the time, by. They are placed either at the beginning or the end of a sentence. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the importance of the time indicated. 

For example: 

As soon as you arrive, give me a call.

Most often time clauses are placed at the end of a sentence and indicate the time that the action of the main clause takes place.

For example: 

I had difficulties with English grammar when I was a child. 

Place Clauses 

Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause. Place conjunctions include where and in which. They are generally placed following a main clause in order to define the location of the object of the main clause. 

For example: 

I will never forget Seattle where I spent so many wonderful summers. 

Reason Clauses 

Reason clauses define the reason behind a statement or action given in the main clause. Reason conjunctions include because, as, due to, and the phrase "that the reason why". They can be placed either before or after the main clause. If placed before the main clause, the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular reason. 

For example: 

Because of the tardiness of my response, I was not allowed to enter the institution. 

Generally the reason clause follows the main clauses and explains it. 

For example: 

I studied hard because I wanted to pass the test. 

Sources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause 

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/subclauses.htm

Noun Clauses And Conjunction

Nama : Rina Sukasih 
NPM : 14209487 
Kelas : 3EA11

NOUN CLAUSES 

Definition: 

A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) with in a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause. 

A noun is the name of any person,or place. In English grammar, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate and functioning as a member of a complex sentence. Predicate is the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers. 

 A noun clause does the work of a noun in a sentence or phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own. 

Some Rules: noun clauses usually begin with words like how, why, what, where, when,who, that, which, whose, whether, etc. Also words like whoever, whenever, whatever and wherever. 

ExampleS: 

1. "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse." 

2. "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon." 

3. "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright." 

Exercise: 

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve. 

1. The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death. 

2. He said that he would not go. 

3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us. 

4. He said that he was not feeling well. 

5. I cannot rely on what he says. 

Answers Keys: 

1. Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered. 

2. Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said. 

3. Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is. 

4. Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said. 

5. Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.

CONJUNCTION 

Definition: 

The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The common conjunctions--and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so--join the elements of a coordinate structure. 

A sentence style that employs many coordinate conjunctions is called polysyndeton. A sentence style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses is called asyndeton. In contrast to coordinating conjunctions, which connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank,subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal rank. 

Examples:

1. "There was a time when a fool and his money were soon parted, but now it happens to everybody." 

 2. "As it happens I am in Death Valley, in a room at the Enterprise Motel and Trailer Park, andit is July, and it is hot. In fact it is 119 degrees. I cannot seem to make the air conditioner work, but there is a small refrigerator, and I can wrap ice cubes in a towel and hold them against the small of my back." 

3. "There's a dark side to each and every human soul. We wish we were Obi-Wan Kenobi, and for the most part we are, but there's a little Darth Vadar in all of us." 

Exercise: 

1. I like chicken ____ not fish. 

 A). And B). Since C). But D). For E). Or 

2. ____ it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to drive. 

A). And B). Where C). Either D). If E). How 

3. I like both dogs ______ cats. 

A). Also B). But C). And D). If E). Until 

4. The items are on sale in the local store _____ not online. A). But B). And C). Though D). Or E). Nor 

5. Neither my mother _____ my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday. 

A). Or B). But not C). And D). Nor E). But also 

Answer Keys: 

1. (C) I like chicken but not fish. The sentence here is drawing a contrast. But is the correct coordinating conjunction to join these two nouns. 

2. (D) If it rains on Sunday, I will not be able to drive. The subordinating conjunction should be used to introduce the dependent clause “rains on Sunday.” The rain is a conditional situation that will cause the lack of ability to drive. 

3. (C) I like both dogs and cats. Both is a correlative conjunction and must be accompanied by “and.” 

4. (B) The items are on sale in the local store but not online. Again, a contrast is being drawn here (just as in question #1) so the coordinating conjunction “but” is appropriate to explain the relationship between the nouns. 

5. (D) Neither my mother nor my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday. Nor is a correlative conjunction with neither. 

Sources: 

http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/nounclauseterm.htm

http://www.englishpractice.com/grammar/noun-clause-exercise/ http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/conjuncterm.htm

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/conjunction-exercises.html