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Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and apredicate, and it modifies a verb.
- I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
- He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum andQuirk,1990):
- We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
- We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)
Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.
- I like to fly kites for fun.
Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:
- Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.
The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".
Kind of Adverbial Clause
Concessive Clauses
Concessive clauses are used to concede a given point in an argument. The principle concessive conjunctions introducing a concessive clause are: Though, although, even though, while, and even if. They can be placed at the beginning, internally or at the of the sentence. When placed at the beginning or internally, they serve to concede a certain part of an argument before proceeding to question the validity of the point in a given discussion.
For example:
Even though there are many advantages to working the night shift, people who do so generally feel that the disadvantages greatly outweigh any financial advantages that might be gained.
By placing the concessive clause at the end of the sentence, the speaker is admitting a weakness or problem in that particular argument.
For example:
I tried hard to complete the task, though it seemed impossible.
Time Clauses
Time clauses are used to indicate the time that an event in the main clause takes place. The main time conjunctions are: when, as soon as, before, after, by the time, by. They are placed either at the beginning or the end of a sentence. When placed at the beginning of the sentence, the speaker is generally stressing the importance of the time indicated.
For example:
As soon as you arrive, give me a call.
Most often time clauses are placed at the end of a sentence and indicate the time that the action of the main clause takes place.
For example:
I had difficulties with English grammar when I was a child.
Place Clauses
Place clauses define the location of the object of the main clause. Place conjunctions include where and in which. They are generally placed following a main clause in order to define the location of the object of the main clause.
For example:
I will never forget Seattle where I spent so many wonderful summers.
Reason Clauses
Reason clauses define the reason behind a statement or action given in the main clause. Reason conjunctions include because, as, due to, and the phrase "that the reason why". They can be placed either before or after the main clause. If placed before the main clause, the reason clause usually gives emphasis to that particular reason.
For example:
Because of the tardiness of my response, I was not allowed to enter the institution.
Generally the reason clause follows the main clauses and explains it.
For example:
I studied hard because I wanted to pass the test.
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